流域侵蚀产沙物理成因模型评述

回顾了国内外流域侵蚀产沙模型的发展过程 ,对各类产流产沙模型的特点进行了比较。介绍了物理成因模型的概念及当前研究工作中存在的问题     

汶川特大地震对四川水土流失的影响及其经济损失评估

在对"5.12"汶川特大地震震后四川灾区水土流失面积、强度及土壤侵蚀量变化规律进行分析的基础上,预测了当地的水土流失发展趋势。利用环境经济学的基本原理和方法,估算了土壤侵蚀的货币化经济损失,得出四川省土壤侵蚀总经济损失503.22亿元。基于震后水土流失的分析结果,对灾后重建水土保持工作提出一些合理化建议。     

走治理水土流失建设生态农业的新路子

<正>1 治理开发的成效延安市是黄河中游水土流失最为严重的地区之一.水土流失面积2.88万km~2,占总土地面积的78.4%,年平均土壤侵蚀模数9000t/km~2,严重的水土流失不仅是导致群众生活长期贫困的主要原因,也是制约经济、社会持续发展的重要因素.新中国建立之后,特别是“七五”以来,我们始终坚持把治理水土流失作为发展经济、脱贫致富的长期战略任务来抓,通过不断地实践、总结、认识和探索,全市的水土流失治理进入了讲求科学、注重效益、大现模治理开发的新阶段.到1996年底,全市共兴修基本农田25.16万hm~2,人均0.16hm~2,造林76.9万hm~2,种草37.18万hm~2,森林覆盖率由新中国建立之初的14.4%提高到42.9%;完成水土流失治理措施面积1.67万km~2,占水土流失总面积的58%.“七五”以来的11年间,年平均治 理面积超过1000km~2,治理速度是“七五”前的6.3倍.     

朱湾河小流域综合治理效益浅析

本文通过对朱湾河小流域综合治理生态、经济、社会效益的分析,为进一步开发利用和保护水土资源,防治水土流失,初步探索了合理可行的途径。     

黄泛区潮土-冬小麦系统中尿素的转化和化肥氮去向

在田间条件下,用~(15)N标记的微区试验法研究了潮土-冬小麦系统中尿素的转化和化肥氮的去向。结果表明:土壤中尿素水解后,主要进行硝化和生物固定,而被粘土矿物固定的量很少;小麦返青后,随着气温上升,生物固定的标记氮不断分解,其量可达总生物固定量的60％。作为基肥条施的尿素,其损失略高于作返青肥或拔节肥表施后随即灌水的处理。氮素损失主要发生在春季气温回升后的生长期间,当季的淋洗损失极微。在较为适宜的用量和施用技术下,化肥氮的损失仍达33—45％,其中以碳酸氢铵为最高,次为硫酸铵和硝酸铵,而尿素和硝酸铵中的硝态氮损失最低。     

水土流失赔偿费征收及其合理使用——防治新的水土流失政策问题的探讨

目前,在我国一些地区,由于不合理的人为社会经济活动作用和影响,新的水土流失正在日益加剧。山东省栖霞县通过调查研究,根据本县实际情况,对防治新的水土流失问题,采取了一系列措施,包括组织、法制、经济等措施。尤其是认真执行了“谁造成水土流失谁治理,谁造成危害谁赔偿”的原则,规定了赔偿费征收的范围和标准。上述综合防治措施,在栖霞县经过几年的实践,收到了较好的效果。     

Designing marine reserves for interacting species: Insights from theory

The primary goals of marine reserves include protecting biodiversity and ecosystem structure. Therefore, a multispecies approach to designing and monitoring reserve networks is necessary. To gain insight into how the interactions between species in marine communities may affect reserve design, we synthesize marine reserve community models and community models with habitat destruction and fragmentation, and we develop new extensions of existing models. This synthesis highlights the potential for species interactions to alter reserve design criteria; in particular, accounting for species interactions often leads to an increase in reserve size necessary to protect populations. Accounting for species interactions also indicates the need to base reserve design and monitoring on a variety of species, especially long-distance dispersers, inferior colonizers, and specialists. Finally, the new model extensions highlight how, given dispersal, source populations outside reserves as well as increases in fished populations after reserve establishment may negatively affect reserve populations of competitors or prey. Therefore, multispecies harvest dynamics outside reserves and before reserve establishment are critical to determining the appropriate reserve size, spacing, and expectations after establishment. These models highlight the importance of species interactions to reserve design and provide guidelines for how this complexity can begin to be incorporated into conservation planning.     

Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion in the submontaneous tract of Punjab, India

The submontaneous tract of Punjab comprising 10% of the state, is prone to soil erosion by water. Soils of the area are coarse in texture, low in organic matter and poor in fertility. High intensity rains during the monsoon season result in fertile topsoil removal. There is an urgent need to control soil erosion in this region so as to improve soil productivity. A field study was conducted to estimate the effect of tillage and different modes of mulch application on soil erosion losses. Treatments comprised two levels of tillage, viz. minimum (T_m) and conventional (T_c) in the main plots and five modes of straw mulch application, viz. mulch spread over whole plot (M_w), mulch spread on lower one-third of plot (M_1/3), mulch applied in strips (M_s), vertical mulching (M_v) and unmulched control (M_o), in subplots in a replicated split plot design. Rate of mulch application was 6 t ha⁻¹ in all modes. Compared with M_o, M_w reduced runoff by 33%. Runoff and soil loss were 5 and 40% higher under T_c than under T_m. Though other modes of straw mulch application (M_1/3, M_s and M_v) controlled soil loss better than M_o, their effectiveness was less than M_w. T_m was more effective in conserving soil moisture than T_c. Compared with M_o, M_w had 3–7% higher soil moisture content in the 0–30 cm soil depth under T_m. Minimum soil temperature of the surface layer was 1.4–2.4 °C lower under M_w than under M_o. Straw mulching reduced maximum soil temperature and helped in conserving soil moisture. Minimum tillage coupled with M_w was highly effective in reducing soil erosion losses, decreasing soil temperature and increasing moisture content by providing maximum surface cover.     

东露天煤矿区采矿对土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响预测

黄土区大型露天矿区是一种剧烈的人工扰动区域，采矿活动对土地资源和生态与环境破坏非常严重，正确预测人工开采引发的人为加速土壤侵蚀与土地利用变化，可为生态脆弱煤矿区的生态恢复和重建提供依据。该文采用RS、GIS技术、统计分析、类比和趋势外推相结合的方法，对东露天矿区2005～2080年的土地利用变化和水土流失进行了预测性研究。结果表明：75年间，在没有采取生态重建的措施下，农用地减少3666.07 hm²，未利用地减少1402.13 hm²，居民点用地减少121.80 hm²，全部变为独立工矿用地。土地利用结构和类型由多样性向单一类型的裸露的独立工矿用地发展，水土流失量由54.50万t/a变为77.85万t/a。